Biofortified Orange Maize is as Efficacious as a Vitamin A Supplement in Zambian Children Even on the Background of High Liver Reserves of Vitamin A
Sherry Tanumihardjo *
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Bryan Gannon
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Chisela Kaliwile
National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia.
Sara Arscott
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Samantha Schmaelzle
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Justin Chileshe
Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ndola, Zambia.
Mofu Mosonda
National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia.
Cassim Masi
National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the vitamin A (VA) bioefficacy of high β-carotene, biofortified (orange) maize in Zambian preschool children.
Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled orange maize efficacy trial was conducted in rural Zambian children (n = 140, 71.5±6.9 months). The paired 13C-retinol isotope dilution test, the most sensitive indirect marker of VA status, was used to measure total body reserves (TBR) of VA before and after a 90-d intervention. Treatment arms were white maize with placebo oil (VA-), white maize with 400 µg (VA+), and orange maize with placebo oil (orange).
Results: TBR of VA increased in the VA+ and orange groups (203±386 and 109±341 µmol, respectively) (P = 0.0034), and were different from the VA- group (-4.5±208 µmol) using non-parametric analysis. Medians were VA- 12.6, VA+ 97.8, orange 83.7 µmol. Baseline estimates of liver concentration were 1.13±0.41 µmol/g, with 59% >1 µmol/g, the current sub-toxicity cutoff; none were <0.1 µmol/g, the proposed cutoff for deficiency. The bioconversion factor was 10.4 µg β-carotene: 1 µg retinol using the middle three quintiles of change in TBR from each treatment group. Serum retinol concentrations did not respond (P = 0.16).
Conclusions: Biofortified maize is a very effective VA source when consumed as a staple food and could avoid potential toxicity issues with preformed VA from supplementation or fortification programs as observed in this population. Stable isotope methodology should be used to elucidate VA status of various populations, and serum retinol should be used with caution in setting global health policy.