Distribution of Iron, Vitamin A and Zinc Deficiencies in Children and Women in Senegal
Banda Ndiaye *
Micronutrient Initiative, Dakar, Senegal.
Kendra Siekmans
Health Bridge, Toronto, Canada.
Jacqueline Kung'u
Micronutrient Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya.
Salimata Wade
University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Objectives: Reliable data on the micronutrient status of women and children was needed in Senegal to guide evidence-based decision making on interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies (MND). This study presents the findings of the first ever national MND survey carried out in Senegal in 2010.
Methods: A cross sectional household survey sampled 1,810 households stratified by two urban and two rural zones. Data were collected on biochemical indicators of iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiency from 1,316 women 15-49 y and 1,887 children 12-59 mo. The analysis adjusted for sub-clinical inflammation.
Results: Subclinical inflammation affected 27.7% of women and 49.5% of children. 44.7% women and 61.5% children had serum ferritin below 15 or 12 µg/l, respectively. 2.1% women and 18.2% children had serum retinol <0.70 µmol/l; 66.7% women and 39.6% children had serum zinc below cutoff. Only 12.8% of women and 11.6% of children had no MND; 18.4% of women and 15.4% of children had at least 3 coexisting MND. The risk of a child having iron (OR 2.70; [1.49, 4.88]) or vitamin A (OR 13.66; [4.07, 45.84]) deficiency was higher in households where a woman had iron or vitamin A deficiency. Child anemia (66%) and zinc deficiency were not related to the status of women in the household. Women and children in rural areas were more affected by iron and vitamin A deficiencies compared to urban areas.
Conclusions: MND affect a large proportion of women and children in Senegal. Further study of factors contributing to Intra-household clustering and rural/urban differences of MND is warranted.